triogreen.blogg.se - Intrigue and entropy

#INTRIGUE AND ENTROPY FULL#

More recently the connection between black hole (BH) physics and optics, e.g., ultraslow light ( 18), fiber-optical analog of the event horizon ( 19), and quantum entanglement ( 20), has led to fascinating physics.

Half a century later the union of general relativity and thermodynamics was found to yield surprising results such as Bekenstein–Hawking black hole entropy ( 3 – 6), particle emission from a black hole ( 5 – 9), and acceleration radiation ( 10 – 17).

#INTRIGUE AND ENTROPY FULL#

This is the situation of maximum uncertainty as it is most difficult to predict the outcome of the next toss the result of each toss of the coin delivers one full bit of information.General relativity as originally developed by Einstein ( 1) is based on the union of geometry and gravity ( 2). The entropy of the unknown result of the next toss of the coin is maximized if the coin is fair (that is, if heads and tails both have equal probability 1/2). Main articles: Binary entropy function and Bernoulli processĬonsider tossing a coin with known, not necessarily fair, probabilities of coming up heads or tails this can be modelled as a Bernoulli process. The information content, also called the surprisal or self-information, of an event E is However, knowledge that a particular number will win a lottery has high informational value because it communicates the outcome of a very low probability event. For instance, the knowledge that some particular number will not be the winning number of a lottery provides very little information, because any particular chosen number will almost certainly not win. On the other hand, if a highly unlikely event occurs, the message is much more informative. If a highly likely event occurs, the message carries very little information. The core idea of information theory is that the "informational value" of a communicated message depends on the degree to which the content of the message is surprising.

9.2 Approximation to binomial coefficient.

8.2 Limiting density of discrete points.

8 Entropy for continuous random variables.

6.5 Limitations of entropy in cryptography.

6.1 Relationship to thermodynamic entropy.

For a continuous random variable, differential entropy is analogous to entropy. The definition can be derived from a set of axioms establishing that entropy should be a measure of how "surprising" the average outcome of a variable is. Entropy has relevance to other areas of mathematics such as combinatorics and machine learning. The analogy results when the values of the random variable designate energies of microstates, so Gibbs formula for the entropy is formally identical to Shannon's formula. Shannon strengthened this result considerably for noisy channels in his noisy-channel coding theorem.Įntropy in information theory is directly analogous to the entropy in statistical thermodynamics. Shannon considered various ways to encode, compress, and transmit messages from a data source, and proved in his famous source coding theorem that the entropy represents an absolute mathematical limit on how well data from the source can be losslessly compressed onto a perfectly noiseless channel. The "fundamental problem of communication" – as expressed by Shannon – is for the receiver to be able to identify what data was generated by the source, based on the signal it receives through the channel. Shannon's theory defines a data communication system composed of three elements: a source of data, a communication channel, and a receiver. The concept of information entropy was introduced by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper " A Mathematical Theory of Communication", and is also referred to as Shannon entropy. Generally, information entropy is the average amount of information conveyed by an event, when considering all possible outcomes.

Two bits of entropy: In the case of two fair coin tosses, the information entropy in bits is the base-2 logarithm of the number of possible outcomes with two coins there are four possible outcomes, and two bits of entropy.